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YUGOSLAVIA |
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YUGOSLAVIA |
HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK
After nearly five centuries under the Ottoman Empire, Serbia first gained its independence in 1804 and started developing its state structure under strong European influence. Immediately after the founding of the Superior School in Belgrade in l808, instruction was offered in constitutional, international and criminal law and public administration. The foundations of legal science and university-level studies in law were laid down in 1840, when the legal studies department was introduced as a separate unit. One of the key courses taught was "Police," based on Cameralism.
At the end of the nineteenth century, public administration education began with the teachings of Prof. Stojan Markovic. In 1893, he published a textbook entitled Administration of the Kingdom of Serbia with Special Focus on State Administration, influenced by Lorenz von Stein.
The strong influence of continental Austrian and German legal traditions and the successful development of administrative law in Yugoslavia was mainly the result of the need for strict rule of law and an orderly bureaucracy after the decaying Ottoman Empire’s controversial legacy. Administrative and judicial control of the administration was established to support the rule of law and, at the same time, to protect citizens' rights. The other reason for the flourishing of administrative law in continental Europe was the "lawyers monopoly" ("Juristen-Monopol"), as law school graduates took most managerial and professional positions both in public administration and the administrative courts.
In 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (the “First Yugoslavia”) was established by unifying the small Balkan kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro and some provinces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The “Second Yugoslavia” was established after WW II as a federal socialist republic under the domination of the USSR. In 1948, Yugoslavia, under Tito, broke away and began the, unfortunately, too cautious journey towards a market society. However, in the mid-1960s, Yugoslavia started negotiations on accession to the European Community as the first country from the region.
Political developments influenced public administration programs. At the third meeting of Yugoslav law faculties, held in Belgrade in 1950, the possibility of introducing non-legal public administration courses was discussed. It was concluded that familiarity with administrative law was not sufficient and that new disciplines should be introduced. Subsequently, in September 1950, the law school of the University of Belgrade introduced a course on "Administrative Science,” which was renamed “Public Administration” in academic year 1960/61.
In 1961, the law school of Belgrade University introduced a two-year master’s program in public administration with courses on administrative law, public administration, and liability of the state and the civil service system. The public administration curriculum was not only taught in Belgrade but also at the Higher Administrative School in Nis (from 1964), the School for Law and Economy in Pristina (from 1970) and the Novi Sad Law School (from 1974). In 1971, the public administration program of the law school of the University of Belgrade introduced public and private management and changed the title of the program to “Management Science.”
Following European trends and the general orientation of the country, public administration curricula spread into other faculties. The Faculty of Political Science was formally established in 1964 by parliamentary decree. At first, the faculty’s curriculum consisted of programs in socio-political science, social work and social policy, international politics and journalism. Later it introduced additional master’s programs in systems of governance, international studies, social policy and social development and contemporary economic systems, among others.
The worldwide development of managerial sciences and the field’s successful application in practice highlighted the need for institutionalising management programs. Higher Schools for the Organisation of Work were established in Belgrade and Novi Sad to provide formal education in management. In 1971, a new Faculty of Organisational Sciences was founded, following world trends in studying management.
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